The Need for Research-Based Subsets

Progress in understanding myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome will likely result from studying research-based subsets. The following articles either categorize patients according to research-based subsets or argue for the substratification of patients on the basis of subsets. The substratification may include degree-of-illness subsets or subsets based on research findings such as cardiopathology, blood volume and other circulatory disturbances, and various pathogenic causes.

The full text of most of the articles linked below are in portable document file (PDF) format. This requires the use of an Adobe Acrobat Reader, which can be downloaded at no charge here.

NIH Press Release: Scientists discover a potential retroviral link to chronic fatigue syndrome
Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Gupta JD, Pfost MA, Hagen KS, Peterson DL, Ruscetti SK, Bagni RK, Petrow-Sadowski C, Gold B, Dean M, Silverman RH, Mikovits JA, "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Science [On-line 8 October 2009 / Page 1 / 10.1126/science.117905] [PDF Format]
Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Gupta JD, Pfost MA, Hagen KS, Peterson DL, Ruscetti SK, Bagni RK, Petrow-Sadowski C, Gold B, Dean M, Silverman RH, Mikovits JA, Supporting Online Material for "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" Science [On-line 8 October 2009 DOI: 10.1126/science.1179052] [PDF Format]
Coffin JM and Stoye JP, "Perspective: A New Virus for Old Diseases?" Science [Published online 8 October 2009; DOI: 10.1126/science.1181349] [PDF Format]
Jason LA, Najar N, Porter N, Reh C, "Evaluating the Centers for Disease Control's Empirical Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Case Definition," Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 93-100 (2009), DOI: 10.1177/1044207308325995 [PDF Format]
Jason, L.A., et al., "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Need for Subtypes." Neuropsychology Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 29-58 [PDF Format]
Peckerman A, LaManca JJ, Dahl KA, Chemitiganti R, Qureishi B, Natelson BH. "Abnormal impedance cardiography predicts symptom severity in chronic fatigue syndrome." Am J Med Sci. 2003 Aug;326(2):55-60.
Arnold Peckerman, PhD; John J. LaManca, PhD; Bushra Qureishi, MD; Kristina A. Dahl, MD; Roseli Golfetti, PhD; Yoshiharu Yamamoto, PhD; and Benjamin H. Natelson, MD. "Baroreceptor Reflex and Integrative Stress Responses in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Psychosomatic Medicine 65:889-895 (2003)
Paul Cheney, M.D., Ph.D., "CFS and Diastolic Cardiomyopathy" [A three-hour talk in streaming video for viewing on the Web with a broadband connection" only, not a dial-up connection.]
Lerner AM, Dworkin HJ, Sayyed T, et al.,"Prevalence of abnormal cardiac wall motion in the cardiomyopathy associated with incomplete multiplication of Epstein-barr Virus and/or cytomegalovirus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". In Vivo 2004 Jul-Aug;18(4):417-24. [PDF Format]
Natelson BH, Weaver SA, Chin-Lin Tseng, and Ottenweller, JE, "Spinal Fluid Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology. Jan. 2005. p. 562-55. [PDF Format]
Mathew SJ, Mao X, Keegan KA, Levine SM, Smith EL, Heier LA, Otcheretko V, Coplan JD, Shungu DC, "Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: an in vivo 3.0 T (1)H MRS imaging study," NMR Biomed. 2008 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print][PDF Format]
de Lange FP, Kalkman JS, Bleijenberg G, Hagoort P, van der Meer JW, Toni I. "Gray matter volume reduction in the chronic fatigue syndrome." Neuroimage. 2005 Jul 1;26(3):777-81.[PDF Format]
James N Baraniuk, Begona Casado, Hilda Maibach, Daniel J Clauw, Lewis K Pannell, and Sonja Hess, "A chronic fatigue syndrome – related proteome in human cerebrospinal fluid." BMC Neurology 2005, 5:22 [PDF Format]
Kaushik N, Fear D, Richards SC, McDermott CR, Nuwaysir EF, Kellam P, Harrison TJ, Wilkinson RJ, Tyrrell DA, Holgate ST, Kerr JR. "Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome." J Clin Pathol. 2005 Aug;58(8):826-32. [PDF Format]
Glaser R, Padgett DA, Litsky ML, et al. "Stress-associated changes in the steady-state expression of latent Epstein-Barr virus: Implications for chronic fatigue syndrome and cancer" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 19 (2005) 91-103 [PDF Format]
David S. Bell, M.D., "The Role of Infection in Initiating ME/CFS," excerpted from Dr. Bell's Newsletter, the Lydonville News, Vol. 3, No. 1, September 2006. [PDF Format]
Vernon SD, Whistler T, Cameron B, Hickie IB, Reeves WC, Lloyd A., "Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr virus." BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 31;6:15. [PDF Format]
Lerner AM, Beqaj SH, Deeter RG, Fitzgerald JT. "IgM serum antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus are uniquely present in a subset of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome," In Vivo. 2004 Mar-Apr;18(2)101-6. [PDF Format]
Vanness JM, Snell CR, Strayer DR, Dempsey L 4th, Stevens SR. "Subclassifying Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through Exercise Testing." Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Jun;35(6):908-913. [PDF Format]
Nijs J, Meeus M, McGregor NR, Meeusen R, de Schutter G, van Hoof E, de Meirleir K., "Chronic fatigue syndrome: exercise performance related to immune dysfunction." Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005 Oct;37(10):1647-54. [PDF Format]
Tiersky LA, Matheis RJ, Deluca J, Lange G, Natelson BH. "Functional status, neuropsychological functioning, and mood in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Relationship to psychiatric disorder." J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003 May;191(5):324-331. [PDF Format]
Lane RJ, Soteriou BA, Zhang H, Archard LC. "Enterovirus related metabolic myopathy: a postviral fatigue syndrome."J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2003 Oct;74(10):1382-6. [PDF Format]
Chia, J.K.S., "The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome", Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2005;58:1126-1132. [PDF Format]
Streeten DH, Thomas D, Bell DS. "The roles of orthostatic hypotension, orthostatic tachycardia, and subnormal erythrocyte volume in the pathogenesis of the chronic fatigue syndrome." Am J Med Sci. 2000 Jul;320(1):1-8. [HTML]
Streeten DH. "Role of impaired lower-limb venous innervation in the pathogenesis of the chronic fatigue syndrome." Am J Med Sci 2001 Mar;321(3):163-7. [PDF Format]
Lange G, Steffener J, Cook DB, Bly BM, Christodoulou C, Liu WC, Deluca J, Natelson BH. "Objective evidence of cognitive complaints in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a BOLD fMRI study of verbal working memory." Neuroimage. 2005 Jun;26(2):513-24.[PDF Format]
Siessmeier T, Nix WA, Hardt J, Schreckenberger M, Egle UT, Bartenstein P. "Observer independent analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):922-8. [PDF Format]
Kazuhiro Yoshiuchi, Jeffrey Farkas and Benjamin H. Natelson, "Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have reduced absolute cortical blood flow." Clinical Physiology Functional Imaging, Vol. 26, #2, pp 83-86, March 2006 [PDF Format]
Genetic and Environmental Factors in ME/CFS - The CCD studies published in Pharmacogenomics, April 2006
Eleanor Stein, MD, FRCP(C), "Assessment and Treatment of Patients with ME/CFS: Clinical Guidelines for Psychiatrists" [PDF Format]
Ter Wolbeek M, van Doornen LJ, Kavelaars A, van de Putte EM, Schedlowski M, Heijnen CJ. "Longitudinal analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in severely fatigued adolescents," Brain Behav Immun. 2007 May 31. [PDF Format]
Cameron B, Galbraith S, Zhang Y, Davenport T, Vollmer-Conna U, Wakefield D, Hickie I, Dunsmuir W, Whistler T, Vernon S, Reeves WC, Lloyd AR; Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study. "Gene expression correlates of postinfective fatigue syndrome after infectious mononucleosis." J Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 1;196(1):56-66. Epub 2007 May 24. [PDF Format]
Gow JW, Hagan S, Herzyk P, Cannon C, Behan PO, Chaudhuri A, "A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome," BMC Medical Genomics 2009, 2:38 doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-38 [PDF Format]
Newton JL, Okonkwo O, Sutcliffe K, Seth A, Shin J, Jones DE. "Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome." QJM. 2007 Aug;100(8):519-26. Epub 2007 Jul 7. [PDF Format]
Vegard Bruun Wyller, MD, Kristin Godang, BSc, Lars Mrrkrid, MD, PhD, Jerome Philip Saul, MD, Erik Thaulow,MD, PhD and Lars Wallre, MD, PhD. "Abnormal Thermoregulatory Responses in Adolescents With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Relation to Clinical Symptoms." Pediatrics, Vol. 120 No. 1 July 2007, pp. e129-e137. [PDF Format]
Ledina D, Bradaric N, Milas I, Ivic I, Brncic N, Kuzmicic N. "Chronic fatigue syndrome after Q fever." Med Sci Monit. 2007 Jul;13(7):CS88-92. [PDF Format]
Claypoole KH, Noonan C, Mahurin RK, Goldberg J, Erickson T, Buchwald D. "A twin study of cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome: the effects of sudden illness onset." Neuropsychology. 2007 Jul;21(4):507-13. [PDF Format]
Yoshiuchi K, Cook DB, Ohashi K, Kumano H, Kuboki T, Yamamoto Y, Natelson BH. "A real-time assessment of the effect of exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome." Physiol Behav. 2007 Jul 24; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Beqaj SH, Lerner AM, Fitzgerald JT, "Immunoassay with cytomegalovirus early antigens from gene products p52 and CM2 (UL44 and UL57) detect active infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome," J Clin Pathol. 2007 Dec 5; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Kerr J, Burke B, Petty R, Gough J, Fear D, David M, Axford J, Dalgleish A, Nutt D, "Seven genomic subtypes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a detailed analysis of gene networks and clinical phenotypes,href="Kerr-3a.pdf"> " J Clin Pathol. 2007 Dec 5 [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Galland BC, Jackson PM, Sayers RM, Taylor BJ, " A Matched Case Control Study of Orthostatic Intolerance inChildren/Adolescents With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Pediatr Res. 2007 Dec 10; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Wyller VB, Saul JP, Walløe L, Thaulow E., "Sympathetic cardiovascular control during orthostatic stress and isometric exercise in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome," Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Dec 8 [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Klimas NG, Koneru AO., "Chronic fatigue syndrome: inflammation, immune function, and neuroendocrine interactions," Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):482-7. [PDF Format]
Smith AK, Dimulescu I, Falkenberg VR, Narasimhan S, Heim C, Vernon SD, Rajeevan M, "Genetic evaluation of the serotonergic system in chronic fatigue syndrome," Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2007 Dec 11 [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Jason, L.A., Corradi, K., & Torres-Harding, S., "Toward an empirical case definition of CFS," Journal of Social Service Research, 34, 43-54. (2007) [PDF Format]
Wyller VB, Barbieri R, Thaulow E, Saul JP, "Enhanced Vagal Withdrawal During Mild Orthostatic Stress in Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue" Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008 Jan;13(1):67-73. [PDF Format]
Li Z, Dong T, Pröschel C, Noble M, "Chemically Diverse Toxicants Converge on Fyn and c-Cbl to Disrupt Precursor Cell Function," PLoS Biology, Vol. 5, No. 2, e35 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050035. [PDF Format]
Dietert RR, Dietert JM, "Possible role for early-life immune insult including developmental immunotoxicity in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)," Toxicology, 2008 Feb 8; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Hokama Y, et al., "Acute phase phospholipids related to the cardiolipin of mitochondria in the sera of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), and other diseases attributed to chemicals, Gulf War, and marine toxins," J Clin Lab Anal, 2008 Mar 17;22(2):99-105 [PDF Format]
Naschitz JE, et al., "Electrocardiographic QT interval and cardiovascular reactivity in fibromyalgia differ from chronic fatigue syndrome," Eur J Intern Med. 2008 May;19(3):187-191. [PDF Format]
Jason L, et al., "The Economic impact of ME/CFS: individual and societal level cost," Dynamic Medicine, 2008 7:6 (8 April 2008) [PDF Format]
Kerr JR, Mattey DL. "Preexisting psychological stress predicts acute and chronic fatigue and arthritis following symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection," Clin Infect Dis, 2008 May 1;46(9):e83-7.[PDF Format]
Ciccone DS, Weissman L, Natelson BH., "Chronic fatigue syndrome in male gulf war veterans and civilians: a further test of the single syndrome hypothesis," J Health Psychol, 2008 May;13(4):529-36. [PDF Format]
Jason LA, Torres-Harding S, Brown M, et. al, "Predictors of Change Following Participation in Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for CFS, " Tropical Medicine and Health, Vol. 36 No. 1, 2008, pp. 23-32 [PDF Format]
Grinde B, "Is chronic fatigue syndrome caused by a rare brain infection of a common, normally benign virus?" Med Hypotheses, 2008 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Kerr JR, Petty R, Burke B, et al., "Gene Expression Subtypes in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, " J Infect Dis, 2008 Apr 15;197(8):1171-1184. [PDF Format]
Bains W., "Treating Chronic Fatigue states as a disease of the regulation of energy metabolism," Med Hypotheses, 2008 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Pall ML, "Post-radiation syndrome as a NO/ONOO(-) cycle, chronic fatigue syndrome-like disease," Med Hypotheses, 2008 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Neary JP, Roberts ADW, Leavins N, Harrison MF, Croll JC, and Sexsmith, JR, "Prefrontal cortex oxygenation during incremental exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome," Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 2008 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Priebe S, Fakhoury WK, Henningsen P., "Functional Incapacity and Physical and Psychological Symptoms: How They Interconnect in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Psychopathology, 2008 Sep 3;41(6):339-345. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Lorusso L, Mikhaylova SV, Capelli E, Ferrari D, Ngonga GK, Ricevuti G., "Immunological aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome," Autoimmun Rev. 2008 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Hoad A, Spickett G, Elliott J, Newton J., "Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome is an under-recognized condition in chronic fatigue syndrome," QJM. 2008 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Metzger K, Frémont M, Roelant C, De Meirleir K. "Lower frequency of IL-17F sequence variant (His161Arg) in chronic fatigue syndrome patients." Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Lemle, MD, "Hypothesis: Chronic fatigue syndrome is caused by dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide metabolism," Med Hypotheses, 2008 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Swoboda DA,"Negotiating the diagnostic uncertainty of contested illnesses: physician practices and paradigms," Health (London), 2008 Oct;12(4):453-78. [PDF Format]
Aspler AL, Bolshin C, Vernon SD, Broderick G,"Evidence of Inflammatory Immune Signaling in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Pilot Study of Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood" Behavioral and Brain Functions 2008, 4:44. [PDF Format]
Bhattacharjee M, Botting CH, Sillanpää MJ.,"Bayesian biomarker identification based on marker-expression proteomics data," Genomics, 2008 Jul 24. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Vollmer-Conna U, et al., "Cytokine Polymorphisms Have a Synergistic Effect on Severity of the Acute Sickness Response to Infection," Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008;47:1418–1425 [PDF Format]
Jammes Y, et al., "Chronic fatigue syndrome combines increased exercise-induced oxidative stress and reduced cytokine and Hsp responses," J Intern Med., 2009 [E-Pub ahead of print] [PDF Format]
Light AR, White AT, Hughen RW, Light KC, "Moderate Exercise Increases Expression for Sensory, Adrenergic, and Immune Genes in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients But Not in Normal Subjects," J Pain, 2009 Jul 30. [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format]


	The Need for Research-based Subsets

References American M.E. Review Advocacy Book and Film Reviews Canadian Clinical Case Definition Cardiac Insufficiency Hypothesis Symptoms Personal Stories Contact Information Links Home Page Reprint Policy	Progress in understanding myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome will likely result from studying research-based subsets. The following articles either categorize patients according to research-based subsets or argue for the substratification of patients on the basis of subsets. The substratification may include degree-of-illness subsets or subsets based on research findings such as cardiopathology, blood volume and other circulatory disturbances, and various pathogenic causes. The full text of most of the articles linked below are in portable document file (PDF) format. This requires the use of an Adobe Acrobat Reader, which can be downloaded at no charge here. NIH Press Release: Scientists discover a potential retroviral link to chronic fatigue syndrome Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Gupta JD, Pfost MA, Hagen KS, Peterson DL, Ruscetti SK, Bagni RK, Petrow-Sadowski C, Gold B, Dean M, Silverman RH, Mikovits JA, "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Science [On-line 8 October 2009 / Page 1 / 10.1126/science.117905] [PDF Format] Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Gupta JD, Pfost MA, Hagen KS, Peterson DL, Ruscetti SK, Bagni RK, Petrow-Sadowski C, Gold B, Dean M, Silverman RH, Mikovits JA, Supporting Online Material for "Detection of an Infectious Retrovirus, XMRV, in Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" Science [On-line 8 October 2009 DOI: 10.1126/science.1179052] [PDF Format] Coffin JM and Stoye JP, "Perspective: A New Virus for Old Diseases?" Science [Published online 8 October 2009; DOI: 10.1126/science.1181349] [PDF Format] Jason LA, Najar N, Porter N, Reh C, "Evaluating the Centers for Disease Control's Empirical Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Case Definition," Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 93-100 (2009), DOI: 10.1177/1044207308325995 [PDF Format] Jason, L.A., et al., "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Need for Subtypes." Neuropsychology Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 29-58 [PDF Format] Peckerman A, LaManca JJ, Dahl KA, Chemitiganti R, Qureishi B, Natelson BH. "Abnormal impedance cardiography predicts symptom severity in chronic fatigue syndrome." Am J Med Sci. 2003 Aug;326(2):55-60. Arnold Peckerman, PhD; John J. LaManca, PhD; Bushra Qureishi, MD; Kristina A. Dahl, MD; Roseli Golfetti, PhD; Yoshiharu Yamamoto, PhD; and Benjamin H. Natelson, MD. "Baroreceptor Reflex and Integrative Stress Responses in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Psychosomatic Medicine 65:889-895 (2003) Paul Cheney, M.D., Ph.D., "CFS and Diastolic Cardiomyopathy" [A three-hour talk in streaming video for viewing on the Web with a broadband connection" only, not a dial-up connection.] Lerner AM, Dworkin HJ, Sayyed T, et al.,"Prevalence of abnormal cardiac wall motion in the cardiomyopathy associated with incomplete multiplication of Epstein-barr Virus and/or cytomegalovirus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome". In Vivo 2004 Jul-Aug;18(4):417-24. [PDF Format] Natelson BH, Weaver SA, Chin-Lin Tseng, and Ottenweller, JE, "Spinal Fluid Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome" Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology. Jan. 2005. p. 562-55. [PDF Format] Mathew SJ, Mao X, Keegan KA, Levine SM, Smith EL, Heier LA, Otcheretko V, Coplan JD, Shungu DC, "Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: an in vivo 3.0 T (1)H MRS imaging study," NMR Biomed. 2008 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print][PDF Format] de Lange FP, Kalkman JS, Bleijenberg G, Hagoort P, van der Meer JW, Toni I. "Gray matter volume reduction in the chronic fatigue syndrome." Neuroimage. 2005 Jul 1;26(3):777-81.[PDF Format] James N Baraniuk, Begona Casado, Hilda Maibach, Daniel J Clauw, Lewis K Pannell, and Sonja Hess, "A chronic fatigue syndrome – related proteome in human cerebrospinal fluid." BMC Neurology 2005, 5:22 [PDF Format] Kaushik N, Fear D, Richards SC, McDermott CR, Nuwaysir EF, Kellam P, Harrison TJ, Wilkinson RJ, Tyrrell DA, Holgate ST, Kerr JR. "Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome." J Clin Pathol. 2005 Aug;58(8):826-32. [PDF Format] Glaser R, Padgett DA, Litsky ML, et al. "Stress-associated changes in the steady-state expression of latent Epstein-Barr virus: Implications for chronic fatigue syndrome and cancer" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 19 (2005) 91-103 [PDF Format] David S. Bell, M.D., "The Role of Infection in Initiating ME/CFS," excerpted from Dr. Bell's Newsletter, the Lydonville News, Vol. 3, No. 1, September 2006. [PDF Format] Vernon SD, Whistler T, Cameron B, Hickie IB, Reeves WC, Lloyd A., "Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr virus." BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 31;6:15. [PDF Format] Lerner AM, Beqaj SH, Deeter RG, Fitzgerald JT. "IgM serum antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus are uniquely present in a subset of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome," In Vivo. 2004 Mar-Apr;18(2)101-6. [PDF Format] Vanness JM, Snell CR, Strayer DR, Dempsey L 4th, Stevens SR. "Subclassifying Chronic Fatigue Syndrome through Exercise Testing." Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Jun;35(6):908-913. [PDF Format] Nijs J, Meeus M, McGregor NR, Meeusen R, de Schutter G, van Hoof E, de Meirleir K., "Chronic fatigue syndrome: exercise performance related to immune dysfunction." Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005 Oct;37(10):1647-54. [PDF Format] Tiersky LA, Matheis RJ, Deluca J, Lange G, Natelson BH. "Functional status, neuropsychological functioning, and mood in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Relationship to psychiatric disorder." J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003 May;191(5):324-331. [PDF Format] Lane RJ, Soteriou BA, Zhang H, Archard LC. "Enterovirus related metabolic myopathy: a postviral fatigue syndrome."J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2003 Oct;74(10):1382-6. [PDF Format] Chia, J.K.S., "The role of enterovirus in chronic fatigue syndrome", Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2005;58:1126-1132. [PDF Format] Streeten DH, Thomas D, Bell DS. "The roles of orthostatic hypotension, orthostatic tachycardia, and subnormal erythrocyte volume in the pathogenesis of the chronic fatigue syndrome." Am J Med Sci. 2000 Jul;320(1):1-8. [HTML] Streeten DH. "Role of impaired lower-limb venous innervation in the pathogenesis of the chronic fatigue syndrome." Am J Med Sci 2001 Mar;321(3):163-7. [PDF Format] Lange G, Steffener J, Cook DB, Bly BM, Christodoulou C, Liu WC, Deluca J, Natelson BH. "Objective evidence of cognitive complaints in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: a BOLD fMRI study of verbal working memory." Neuroimage. 2005 Jun;26(2):513-24.[PDF Format] Siessmeier T, Nix WA, Hardt J, Schreckenberger M, Egle UT, Bartenstein P. "Observer independent analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):922-8. [PDF Format] Kazuhiro Yoshiuchi, Jeffrey Farkas and Benjamin H. Natelson, "Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have reduced absolute cortical blood flow." Clinical Physiology Functional Imaging, Vol. 26, #2, pp 83-86, March 2006 [PDF Format] *Genetic and Environmental Factors in ME/CFS - The CCD studies published in Pharmacogenomics, April 2006* Eleanor Stein, MD, FRCP(C), "Assessment and Treatment of Patients with ME/CFS: Clinical Guidelines for Psychiatrists" [PDF Format] Ter Wolbeek M, van Doornen LJ, Kavelaars A, van de Putte EM, Schedlowski M, Heijnen CJ. "Longitudinal analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production in severely fatigued adolescents," Brain Behav Immun. 2007 May 31. [PDF Format] Cameron B, Galbraith S, Zhang Y, Davenport T, Vollmer-Conna U, Wakefield D, Hickie I, Dunsmuir W, Whistler T, Vernon S, Reeves WC, Lloyd AR; Dubbo Infection Outcomes Study. "Gene expression correlates of postinfective fatigue syndrome after infectious mononucleosis." J Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 1;196(1):56-66. Epub 2007 May 24. [PDF Format] Gow JW, Hagan S, Herzyk P, Cannon C, Behan PO, Chaudhuri A, "A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome," BMC Medical Genomics 2009, 2:38 doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-38 [PDF Format] Newton JL, Okonkwo O, Sutcliffe K, Seth A, Shin J, Jones DE. "Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome." QJM. 2007 Aug;100(8):519-26. Epub 2007 Jul 7. [PDF Format] Vegard Bruun Wyller, MD, Kristin Godang, BSc, Lars Mrrkrid, MD, PhD, Jerome Philip Saul, MD, Erik Thaulow,MD, PhD and Lars Wallre, MD, PhD. "Abnormal Thermoregulatory Responses in Adolescents With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Relation to Clinical Symptoms." Pediatrics, Vol. 120 No. 1 July 2007, pp. e129-e137. [PDF Format] Ledina D, Bradaric N, Milas I, Ivic I, Brncic N, Kuzmicic N. "Chronic fatigue syndrome after Q fever." Med Sci Monit. 2007 Jul;13(7):CS88-92. [PDF Format] Claypoole KH, Noonan C, Mahurin RK, Goldberg J, Erickson T, Buchwald D. "A twin study of cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome: the effects of sudden illness onset." Neuropsychology. 2007 Jul;21(4):507-13. [PDF Format] Yoshiuchi K, Cook DB, Ohashi K, Kumano H, Kuboki T, Yamamoto Y, Natelson BH. "A real-time assessment of the effect of exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome." Physiol Behav. 2007 Jul 24; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Beqaj SH, Lerner AM, Fitzgerald JT, "Immunoassay with cytomegalovirus early antigens from gene products p52 and CM2 (UL44 and UL57) detect active infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome," J Clin Pathol. 2007 Dec 5; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Kerr J, Burke B, Petty R, Gough J, Fear D, David M, Axford J, Dalgleish A, Nutt D, "Seven genomic subtypes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome / Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): a detailed analysis of gene networks and clinical phenotypes,href="Kerr-3a.pdf"> " J Clin Pathol. 2007 Dec 5 [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Galland BC, Jackson PM, Sayers RM, Taylor BJ, " A Matched Case Control Study of Orthostatic Intolerance inChildren/Adolescents With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome," Pediatr Res. 2007 Dec 10; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Wyller VB, Saul JP, Walløe L, Thaulow E., "Sympathetic cardiovascular control during orthostatic stress and isometric exercise in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome," Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Dec 8 [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Klimas NG, Koneru AO., "Chronic fatigue syndrome: inflammation, immune function, and neuroendocrine interactions," Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):482-7. [PDF Format] Smith AK, Dimulescu I, Falkenberg VR, Narasimhan S, Heim C, Vernon SD, Rajeevan M, "Genetic evaluation of the serotonergic system in chronic fatigue syndrome," Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2007 Dec 11 [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Jason, L.A., Corradi, K., & Torres-Harding, S., "Toward an empirical case definition of CFS," Journal of Social Service Research, 34, 43-54. (2007) [PDF Format] Wyller VB, Barbieri R, Thaulow E, Saul JP, "Enhanced Vagal Withdrawal During Mild Orthostatic Stress in Adolescents with Chronic Fatigue" Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008 Jan;13(1):67-73. [PDF Format] Li Z, Dong T, Pröschel C, Noble M, "Chemically Diverse Toxicants Converge on Fyn and c-Cbl to Disrupt Precursor Cell Function," PLoS Biology, Vol. 5, No. 2, e35 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050035. [PDF Format] Dietert RR, Dietert JM, "Possible role for early-life immune insult including developmental immunotoxicity in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)," Toxicology, 2008 Feb 8; [Epub ahead of print] [PDF Format] Hokama Y, et al., "Acute phase phospholipids related to the cardiolipin of mitochondria in the sera of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), and other diseases attributed to chemicals, Gulf War, and marine toxins," J Clin Lab Anal, 2008 Mar 17;22(2):99-105 [PDF Format] Naschitz JE, et al., "Electrocardiographic QT interval and cardiovascular reactivity in fibromyalgia differ from chronic fatigue syndrome," Eur J Intern Med. 2008 May;19(3):187-191. [PDF Format] Jason L, et al., "The Economic impact of ME/CFS: individual and societal level cost," Dynamic Medicine, 2008 7:6 (8 April 2008) [PDF Format] Kerr JR, Mattey DL. 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